Government Deficit Spending Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government Deficit Spending - Research Paper Example Another method of lessening spending shortage is by expanding the quantity of individuals under tax collection. In the present tax assessment framework, couples winning more than $ 200, 000 every month are absolved from a specific degree of tax collection. Making an equivalent tax assessment rate in every American resident may altogether build the rate at which the administration contains income. An expansion income assortment will expand the GDP along these lines limiting the obligations acquired through getting. In a contention by Masters gathering enough assessment from the residents may diminish uncertain the spending esteem isn't surpassed. Furthermore, the creator brings up this may likewise build government gaining fundamentally in any event, making an excess in the proposed spending plan. The congress likewise proposed formation of spending approaches that may keep the legislature from over spending from the financial plan proposed sum. Â Over the years, the administration h as outperformed on use sum as determined in the national spending plan. Thus, the measure of obligation has expanded. Be that as it may, the proposed spending arrangements may possibly be conceivable if the financial plan is made adaptable and huge enough to provide food for crises and all the prerequisites over the yearly schedule. Â The white house and the congress differ on the proposed changes considering the way that the white house might be influenced from the proposed use cuts. Nonetheless, the white house comprehends the need to diminish government consumption. The proposed consumption and income arrangements require the commitment by the two gatherings.

Bavaria Essay Research Paper Schmidt 1 Nicole free essay sample

Bavaria Essay, Research Paper Schmidt 1 Nicole Schmidt Jarvinen 9 LA, period 5 16 December 2000 Bavaria # 8220 ; They are of rough stock, however non unsmooth or debilitated mannered, wild yet non noxious, and they have an incredible shop of solidarity and characteristic character # 8221 ; ( Joseph G? rres ) . As verbalized by Joseph G? rres the individuals of Germany are a sort and ground-breaking race. A region whose individuals live this depiction day by day are the Bavarian individuals of western Germany. For the Bavarian individuals a rich social legacy is an obligation as there is scarcely another individuals that values and effectively experience its development like the Bavarians. This is reflected in everything from their gave consideration of the humanistic orders to the conventional fosterage of neighborhood imposts. As a result the Bavarian progress is known for its customs, OK supplements, and inhabitants. The three people, the Old Bavarians, the Franconians and the Swabians contrast in phonetic correspondence, imposts, viewpoint and way of life. The first # 8220 ; clan # 8221 ; is accepted to hold been assembled in the 6th century and are presently called # 8220 ; The Old Bavarians # 8221 ; ( BSC Timeline ) . They are supposed to be known and cherished a long ways past the Bavarian wilderness in view of their alone characteristics and work moralss. Their # 8220 ; mentalities # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; intrinsic inclination for music # 8221 ; do this gathering an agreeable and fun individuals. In spite of the fact that, there lives are non ever just happiness and games. The Old Bavarians divide Schmidt 2 # 8220 ; occupations # 8221 ; and exchanges with different people like the Franconians ( Encarta Jobs ) . # 8220 ; The Franconians from the regions of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia # 8221 ; have shaped segment of the Bavarian State since the mid nineteenth century ( BSC Bavarians ) . Their # 8220 ; solid network sense, hierarchical gift, radiance and skill of head # 8221 ; are the trademarks of this race ( BSC Bavarians ) . They are other than troublesome working yet non to such an extent as the last people the Swabians. The expressing # 8220 ; No Work No Reward # 8221 ; is the best way to portray this people ( BSC ) . A few properties of this race are at that place tendency to limit and their frugal characters. The Old Bavarians, the Franconians and the Swabians have numerous likenesses furthermore numerous distinctions yet they all gangs a similar incredible love for custom. The customs went somewhere near the Bavarian individuals incorporate everything from celebrations to inherited vesture. The individuals have visit opportunities to watch all through the twelvemonth. One such crossroads is Oktoberfest which chief took topographic point in Munich on the # 8220 ; seventeenth of October 1810 # 8243 ; to watch the marriage of # 8220 ; Prince Ludwig # 8221 ; ( Nelles 24 ) . The two hebdomad celebration is presently held in # 8220 ; Wies # 8217 ; n # 8221 ; and is known for its # 8220 ; 45 carnival drives and 70 pens and games in whole there are around 640 appealing powers # 8221 ; ( 191 ) . Oktoberfest is non the areas simply celebration the Christmas festivities are other than extremely remarkable. # 8220 ; Christkindlmarkt # 8221 ; is spot of a Christmas jamboree which goes back to the # 8220 ; fourteenth century # 8221 ; ( 58 ) . It is no reverence that groups are attracted by its # 8220 ; Gluhwein, heavenly smelling hot bars, and imaginative Christmas nowadayss # 8221 ; ( 58 ) . The jubilee of Nativity bed, and moving. Despite the fact that, music and move are a segment of each German celebration however Bavaria has put aside a wide range of yearss only for those two humanistic orders. One such is the # 8220 ; Cooper # 8217 ; s Dance # 8221 ; which has been held ever seven Schmidt3 twelvemonth since 1517 ( BSC Festivals ) . The Cooper # 8217 ; s first did there move when the Black epidemic spread through Munich. It was done as a contribution to God to rescue the city and stop the brutal demise of the individuals. With a guarantee to go on the move each seven mature ages the disease was finished and the guarantee kept ( Nelles 15-16 ) . During these Festivals customary vesture is worn to demo the people groups handle to their ascendants. Despite the fact that the conventional vesture is a segment of the Festivals it is other than worn to # 8220 ; church, moves, school, and at some point on the road # 8221 ; ( Wolff ) . The conventional vesture for the work powers and bo Y are called â€Å"Ladurhosen† and comprise of dark binding up places, knee-socks, cowhide articulatio sort length trunkss, corrective supports, a white button up shirt, and a chapeau with a long crest augmenting out of it ( Wolff ) . The women’s â€Å"Schuhplattler† is a support of dark clasp places, long socks, a lower leg length dress, cover, and will ( Wolff ) . The grown-up females wear their hair held up firmly in either a consume, cap or interlaced caput wrap. These expect have been affected by the individuals and the States history. Everything from its male rulers to its houses of worship have played separated. Like â€Å"Prince Ludwig’s marriage† or the â€Å"black plague† history is the base of every single German custom and supplements ( Nelles 15, 24 ) . Last, Germans are known for their alone supplements and beverages. The Bavarians, similar to all Germans, cognize how to fix everything from # 8220 ; Hirn in brauner Butter # 8221 ; ( Brains in Brown Butter ) to # 8220 ; Schokolademuscheln # 8221 ; or Chocolate Shells ( Schuler 55, 149 ) . One of the main supplements contemplated German culinary craftsmanship is frankfurter or wurst. There is non just one sort or one way to fix wurst. The most loved of the Bavarian individuals is # 8220 ; wesswurst or white frankfurter # 8221 ; ( BSC Foods ) . Schmidt 4 This dish contains # 8220 ; porc bacon, veau, lemon, onions, salt, Petroselinum crispum, white Piper nigrum and Myristica fragrans # 8221 ; ( BSC Foods ) . Another hotdog dish had at breakfast is # 8220 ; Knapwurst # 8221 ; ( Crocker 142 ) . Knapwust is a customary supplement in numerous German places and is made with # 8220 ; hamburger, porc, H2O, onion, moved oats, salt, cloves, Myristica fragrans, and Piper nigrum # 8221 ; ( 142 ) . Bavarian # 8217 ; s alongside different Germans eat extremely robust nibbles like radishes, Spaetzle, Kartofflpuffer, and Apfelfannkuchen ( 355 ) . Bavarians other than have conventional and non customary dishes. A portion of the more conventional being gebraten Hahnchen ( Cornish biddies ) , Gugelhupf, and Zwetschgenkuchen ( 355 ) . The non-customary supplements are expedient and simple to fix and are eaten one the weekdays. They incorporate Rinderrouladen, Himmel und Erde, and Stollen ( 355 ) . In shuting the Bavarian individuals eat a grouping of national dishes. The imposts, culinary workmanship, and individuals of the Bavaria have been affected from various perspectives through the mature ages. This is a result of the individuals advancing neighborhood customs and populating its alone development effectively. Bavaria is non just known for its conventions however adjacent to for its solid network sense, hierarchical enrichment, brightness and skill of head. These characteristics have a place with Bavarians on account of their state Germany. The Germans like the Bavarians are viewed as a sort and ground-breaking race that have a solid sense for the expressing # 8220 ; no work no prize # 8221 ; ( anon ) . # 8220 ; Their cosmopolite perspectives, feeling of custom and an inborn inclination for music make the race known and adored a long ways past the [ German ] boondocks # 8221 ; ( anon ) . List of sources Schmidt 5 Alta Vista. # 8220 ; Cyberspace: Translator. # 8221 ; On-line. Web. 6 December 2000. Accessible: hypertext move convention:/www.bable.altavista.com/ Anon. # 8220 ; Germany however Time. # 8221 ; Faces Cobblestone Publishing March 2000:12-13 Anon. # 8220 ; Germany at a Glance. # 8221 ; Faces Cobblestone Publishing March 2000:4-5. Bavarian State Chancellery. # 8220 ; Cyberspace: Bavaria. # 8221 ; On-line. Web. 30 Nov. 2000. Accessible hypertext move convention:/www.bayern.de/BayernInfo/geschichteE.html # kap7 Beine, Joe. # 8220 ; Cyberspace: German Roots. # 8221 ; On-line. Web. 1998-2000. Accessible: hypertext move convention:/www.germanroots.com/ Crocker, Betty. Betty Crocker # 8217 ; s International Cookbook. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Irregular House, 1980. Microsoft Encarta 96 Encyclopedia. Cd ROM. Area Unknown: Microsoft Partnership, 1995. Nelles, Gunter. Munich and Excursions to Castles Lakes and Mountains. Munchen, Germany: Gorenjski Tisk, 1995. Schuler, Elizabeth. German Cookery. New York: Crown Publishers, 1995. Wolff, Dr. Paul. Germany. Frankfurt: 1950.

Outbox August 18, 2017

Inbox/Outbox August 18, 2017 August has been a strange month for my reading habits. I am currently living on a friends couch while searching for a new apartment, which means I am far from my own book collection (oh, how I pine for them). It also means Im hesitant to bring more books into my life until I have a new place to put them. But, lets be real, that doesnt mean I havent acquired any new books. INBOX (Books Acquired) SLAM!  by Pamela Ribon and Veronica Fish Its a comic about roller derby! Thats all I know about it and its all I need to know to say, yes please I am in give it here. Plus I love the illustrator, Veronica Fish, who also illustrates the new Archie series and  The Wendy Project,  a gorgeous retelling of Peter Pan. I knew this was a thing since it came out in issues but Ive been saving myself for the trade and I cant wait to dig in. The Invention of Angela Carter  by Edmund Gordon Ive been wanting the Angela Carter bio since it came out, but it is so hardcover and heavy that I figured Id just wait until the paperback. And then a friend of mine (who now works at Oxford University Press) sent me a copy and I squeed because nothing is better than receiving a book you wanted but did not ask for. I love Carters gruesome fairy tales and I am slowly reading her collection of non-fiction, so this makes a welcome and wonderful addition to my library. OUTBOX (Books Read) Her Body and Other Parties by Carmen Maria Machado (out October 3rd) I have not been this excited about a short story collection in years. It  is an intoxicating combination of folklore and pop culture, fabulism and realism. My favorite story, Inventory, takes place in a time when a mass infectious disease is spreading, but the story is told entirely through a recounting of the narrators sexual encounters. These stories will make your skin crawl; I recommend you read them slowly, and not before bed. We Are Never Meeting In Real Life  by Samantha Irby The audiobook is narrated by Irby herself and it had me cracking up regularly. In this essay collection, Irby tackles a wide range of subjects, from racism, sexuality, and adulting to The Bachelorette, suburbia, and cunnilingus. There is nothing in this world I dont want to hear Samantha Irbys take on. She is smart, irreverent, and completely engaging. Also, the essays where she narrates her cats bitchy remarks are my favorite. IN THE QUEUE Catapult  by Emily Fridlund (out October 10th) Ive heard such good things about Fridlunds novel  History of Wolves, but Im more of a short story person, so Im psyched Sarabande (an awesome indie publisher) is releasing this collection. I know nothing else about it, but a good publisher and good writer is all the recommendation I need. Oh, and look at that coverâ€"so good. Too Much and Not In the Mood  by Durga Chew-Bose I started this essay collection months ago, but got distracted. But Ive heard so many wonderful things, I am excited to begin it anew. The prose is gorgeous, winding, and fairly denseâ€"if the first essay is any indicationâ€"so I just need a good amount of space/time to really sink into it. What are you reading this week?

Archaeology and Prehistory of Cuba

Cuba is the largest of the Caribbean islands and one of the closest to the mainland. People, probably coming from Central America, first settled on Cuba around 4200 BC. Archaic Cuba Many of the oldest sites in Cuba are located in caves and rock shelters on the interior valleys and along the coast. Among these, the Levisa rock shelter, in the Levisa river valley, is the most ancient, dating to about 4000 BC. Archaic period sites usually include workshops with stone tools, such as small blades, hammer stones and polished stone balls, shell artifacts, and pendants. In few of these cave sites burial areas and examples of pictographs have been recorded. Most of these ancient sites were located along the coast and the change in sea levels has now submerged any evidence. In Western Cuba, hunter-gatherer groups, such as the early Ciboneys, maintained this pre-ceramic life style well into the Fifteenth century and after. Cuba First Pottery Pottery first appeared on Cuba around AD 800. In this period, Cuban cultures experienced an intense interaction with people from other Caribbean Islands, especially from Haiti and the Dominican Republic. For this reason, some archaeologists suggest that the introduction of pottery was due to groups of migrants from these islands. Others, instead, opt for a local innovation. The site of Arroyo del Palo, a small site in eastern Cuba, contains one of the earliest pottery examples in association with stone artifacts typical of the previous Archaic phase. Taino Culture in Cuba Taà ­no groups seem to have arrived at Cuba around AD 300, importing a farming life style. Most of the Taino settlements in Cuba were located in the easternmost region of the island. Sites such as La Campana, El Mango and Pueblo Viejo were large villages with large plazas and the typical Taà ­nos enclosed areas. Other important sites include the burial area of Chorro de Maà ­ta, and Los Buchillones, a well-preserved pile dwelling site on the north coast of Cuba. Cuba was among the first of the Caribbean Islands to be visited by the Europeans, during the first of Columbus voyages in 1492. It was conquered by the Spanish conquistador Diego de Velasquez in 1511. Archaeological Sites in Cuba Levisa rock shelterCueva FuncheSeborucoLos BuchillonesMonte CristoCayo RedondoArroyo del PaloBig Wall SitePueblo ViejoLa CampanaEl MangoChorro de Maà ­ta. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Caribbean, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Saunders Nicholas J., 2005, The Peoples of the Caribbean. An Encyclopedia of Archaeology and Traditional Culture. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California. Wilson, Samuel, 2007, The Archaeology of the Caribbean, Cambridge World Archaeology Series. Cambridge University Press, New York

International Culture and the Business - 720 Words

International Culture and the Business Culture Culture refers to the sum of integrated learned behavior traits shared by members of a society ADDIN EN.CITE Hofstede2001449(Hofstede, 2001)4494496Hofstede, G.Cultures Negation-Comparing values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organization Across Nation2001USASage Publication( HYPERLINK l _ENREF_2 o Hofstede, 2001 #449 Hofstede, 2001). In the 19th century Edwad Tylor gave the classical definition of culture as the complex whole including; arts knowledge, morals, custom, law, beliefs and any other habits and capabilities man acquires being a member of a society ADDIN EN.CITE Ghemawat2007448(Ghemawat, 2007)44844817Ghemawat, P. Managing differences; The central challenge of global strategyHarvard Business ReviewHarvard Business Review59-688532007( HYPERLINK l _ENREF_1 o Ghemawat, 2007 #448 Ghemawat, 2007). This definition gives us an overall understanding that culture is obtained and observed out of interactions in the society. The international perspective of culture intimates that attrib utes of a given society need to be observed in business operations. Business operation in the international arena highly depends on the cultures observed and, how well the business incorporates those cultures in its operations. Considerations of the cultures observed in the locality where operations are to be started and the companys culture is needful. Compatibility between these aspects acts as the prospect factor for success. TheShow MoreRelatedCulture And International Business Negotiations1188 Words   |  5 PagesCulture and International Business Negotiations Global trades account for more than 60% of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (The Economist, 2014, para. 2), therefore, the important role of International Business Negotiations (IBN) in the global economy. 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Thus far they have discovered that culture is somethingRead MoreEffect of Culture in International Business Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Culture is an important part of International Business. Culture is defining the collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, customs and attitudes of the member in the society. Culture is the behaviour that people act in the community. The characteristic of culture is also reflects learned behaviour that is transmitted from one member to another in society. There are also basic elements cultures such as social structure, language and religious. So the foreigner who wants to operateRead MoreInternational Cultural Difference Of Business Culture1234 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Culture is the social behaviour and integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behaviour that depends upon the capacity fro learning and transmitting knowledge to future generations It is the set of values, goals and practices that characterise an organisation A key to being successful in business internationally is to understand the role of culture in international business.cultural differences will have a direct impact on your profitability in any sectorsRead MoreBusiness Ethics Of International Business : Culture, Consumers And Employees1152 Words   |  5 PagesCourse: INB385 International Business Date: October 11, 2015 Response to Ethical Challenges in International Business: Culture, Consumers and Employees Introduction General business ethics applies in the case of international business. 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He contended how the culture of the leaders and staff can help one to determine the achievement or ineffectiveness of that business. Rue Byars described leadership as an ability to influence people and willingly follow one’s guidance or adhere to one’s decisions (Rue, Byars, 2009). The most successful CEO’s and leaders have a well-definedRead MoreWhy Culture Matters Within International Business1076 Words   |  5 PagesWhy culture matters in International Business The purpose of this memo is to explain why culture matters in International Business and to give you some background information on culture and how this can improve the business once it is expanded abroad. According to Cavusgil, knight, Riesenberger(2014), â€Å"Culture is the learned, shared and lasting orientation patterns in a society. People demonstrate their culture through values, ideas, attitudes, behaviors, and symbolsâ€Å"(p.82). 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Answer 1: Culture of society means the people think and do as the members of the society or we can say in the simple words the way of life of a people live. Culture is basically made up of four things Material

What Really Makes Factories Flexible Free Essays

Introduction: In this literature, â€Å"What really makes factories flexible? † the writer brought out the topic for factory flexibility, which defines as a production  facility  organized  to  respond to customer orders quickly in order to provide  a  full  and varied range  of  operations  or  services, across many  product lines with very short  changeover times and may introduce new products of similar range fairly easy. For example, most modern  automobile plants  are designed as  flexible  factories to build various models. Having acknowledged the importance of flexibility, how would manufacturing managers in a broad array of industries find pathways to improve the process? What are the difficulties of defining flexibility of a plant and how do they measure flexibility in terms of plant productivity? What measurements are needed to show improvement of the process? The author performed a research in a study of sixty-one factories in North America that manufacture fine paper to find out the answer. We will write a custom essay sample on What Really Makes Factories Flexible or any similar topic only for you Order Now Define the problem: Unlike most other industries in which different plants make different products, the paper industry’s products are more comparable across plants since paper are produced by very similar process. There are a few characteristics for the paper industries to be the right candidate. In paper industry, the qualities of products by grades are straightforward numbers which can be able to be measured by the author. These numbers enabled the author to develop both the range of paper a plant could produce and how much time it needed for a plant to switch from making one kind of paper to making another. By using these numbers the author was be able to define the operational flexibility for manufacturing plants needed to measure and find the ways to improve the processes. Defining the problem is the first thing needed by each manager. â€Å"What is flexibility? † Managers are having hard times to define as the term may mean very different for different people. At plant level, it is about the ability to change over or adapt new system, however, specifying and characterizing this ability is not an easy task. As one manager may talk about the flexibility to produce the types of production from up and down depending on what the market needs; another manager may talks about the flexibility to change over from making one type of paper to another with less time and money. In the author’s point of view, flexibility should be emphasized in determining by its competitive environment. The measurement of flexibility can be based on a) product range in different things as a plant can have the ability to produce a small number of products that are very different from one another b) mobility for a plant to change over from making one product to another and c) uniformity of performance as a flexible plant can perform comparably well to make any product within a specified range. Once managers have defined the different kinds of flexibility they are trying to develop, another set of issues had come up as how to measure the flexibility and improvement of flexibility. Also it is often unclear in which general features of a plant must be changed in order to make its operations flexible. The depth and wisdom of experience managers have to be carefully assessing their strategies to define what kind of flexibility they are looking for before embarking on a flexibility program, or otherwise the results can be disastrous. Implication and analysis to select best alternatives: By collecting production data, the author was able to measure the breadth of paper grades that each plant was capable of producing and the changeover time that each plant required to switch between grades. There were additional measurements of flexibility such as workforce by length of service, the level of computer integration (CIM), the change and break frequency, etc. Each plant may emphasize in a whole range of factors from different quality and types of flexibility based on the managers, so end up there are large differences across plants. One major issue covered in this literature is that the degree of computer integration (CIM) does not really help on plant flexibility by increasing range of products produced or improving change over time even though large money was invested in it. Managers often have difficulty justifying CIM projects on the basis of cost savings or quality improvements therefore justify them on basis of improved flexibility CIM will provide. In this case, only the engineers or a few trained employees understand how the system works; most of the plant operators are not trained to operate which create problems. Operators instead decide to perform manual-change over, which in a surprising findings the best manual change system operate much faster than computer. This result shows the serious problem from operators as they have no interest to adapt the change to operate CIM. It hit hard on the managers with thoughts being reluctant that they are doing something right, but actually they are wrong. Implement decision to change the system: For successful manager to figure out the issues of CIM before implementing it in a plant, they should consider building up skills for their operators. As the author denoted, â€Å"Plants become more flexible when managers stress to workers the importance of flexibility. For example, a plant that wants to excel at customizing products will need to develop the capabilities to carry out large range of jobs in the plant. Managers then need to determine what type of workforce or equipment (ex CIM) needs to enhance flexibility. After that managers need to figure out different ways to measure the type of flexibility sought and emphasize the importance of the measures to the employees. Trainings should be added in th e process to build up experienced workforce and eventually to see improvement in flexibility. For example, continuous learning problem such as operational excellence may help management team in different level to control and maintain a flexible manufacturing plant. Evaluate the outcome: By integrating the appropriate steps to a) defining the problem of flexibility, b) implication and analysis to select best alternatives and c) implement decision to change the system, the next step is to evaluate the outcome to see if there is any improvement or if not, further alterations will need to be made. Outcomes that need to be evaluated are not limited to employee training in different level. Employees training based on experience are critical for a manufacturing plant to increase flexibility. More experience workers are not willing to adapting the new systems such as CIM comparing to less experience workers who are more willing to change. Conclusion: A good manufacturing management team designs what is best way for its plant to run, and plants that are flexible in terms of mobility (in terms of change over time) and range (in terms of various productivity) tended to have a clear measures of what flexibility should be developed. Managers have to decide what benefits the plant, how the plant operate, what kind of flexibility they are looking for, select the right decision making tools such as CIM, training for the employees based on different levels of experience, analyzing the data and provide surveys for customers. Managers should provide people the support needed in order to achieve the goal for lower the cost, decreasing change over time, increasing throughput and eventually make more money. Manager should never put too much faith in depending on CIM to complete the tasks in ease. CIM provides critical advantages to improve factory flexibility only if it can be implemented in the right way to fit the system. CIM generally needs experienced operators to control so trainings are critical for employees in different level. CIM could only be one of the alternative tools for managers to use. The flexibility of a plant depends much more on people (manager, field-supervisors, engineers and operators) than on any technical factor (automation, CIM). Managers should never only embraced in CIM as the solution to the growing need to forge new capabilities, instead managers should put more faith in the day to day management of people. Extended Research: I read two other articles which were written within the last three years. It is obvious that both articles talk about how computer integration both software and hardware can help to improve process flow and flexibility of a plant. This is because a more mature CIM system has been established through studies from field experts and universities. In general, employees nowadays understand that continuous learning is the keys to maintain competitiveness in the job market. This doesn’t mean that managers’ job are easier to do, but flexibilities in all level from a plant, a team, or just individual are critical in order to maintain a competitive advantage. Reference: 1. Manufacturing Flexibility – Synchronizing the Shop Floor and Supply Chain by Aberdeen Group 2. Improving Plant Performance and Flexibility in Batch Process Manufacturing: With an Example from the Food and Beverage Industry by Filippo Focacci How to cite What Really Makes Factories Flexible, Essay examples

What Really Makes Factories Flexible Free Essays

Introduction: In this literature, â€Å"What really makes factories flexible? † the writer brought out the topic for factory flexibility, which defines as a production  facility  organized  to  respond to customer orders quickly in order to provide  a  full  and varied range  of  operations  or  services, across many  product lines with very short  changeover times and may introduce new products of similar range fairly easy. For example, most modern  automobile plants  are designed as  flexible  factories to build various models. Having acknowledged the importance of flexibility, how would manufacturing managers in a broad array of industries find pathways to improve the process? What are the difficulties of defining flexibility of a plant and how do they measure flexibility in terms of plant productivity? What measurements are needed to show improvement of the process? The author performed a research in a study of sixty-one factories in North America that manufacture fine paper to find out the answer. We will write a custom essay sample on What Really Makes Factories Flexible or any similar topic only for you Order Now Define the problem: Unlike most other industries in which different plants make different products, the paper industry’s products are more comparable across plants since paper are produced by very similar process. There are a few characteristics for the paper industries to be the right candidate. In paper industry, the qualities of products by grades are straightforward numbers which can be able to be measured by the author. These numbers enabled the author to develop both the range of paper a plant could produce and how much time it needed for a plant to switch from making one kind of paper to making another. By using these numbers the author was be able to define the operational flexibility for manufacturing plants needed to measure and find the ways to improve the processes. Defining the problem is the first thing needed by each manager. â€Å"What is flexibility? † Managers are having hard times to define as the term may mean very different for different people. At plant level, it is about the ability to change over or adapt new system, however, specifying and characterizing this ability is not an easy task. As one manager may talk about the flexibility to produce the types of production from up and down depending on what the market needs; another manager may talks about the flexibility to change over from making one type of paper to another with less time and money. In the author’s point of view, flexibility should be emphasized in determining by its competitive environment. The measurement of flexibility can be based on a) product range in different things as a plant can have the ability to produce a small number of products that are very different from one another b) mobility for a plant to change over from making one product to another and c) uniformity of performance as a flexible plant can perform comparably well to make any product within a specified range. Once managers have defined the different kinds of flexibility they are trying to develop, another set of issues had come up as how to measure the flexibility and improvement of flexibility. Also it is often unclear in which general features of a plant must be changed in order to make its operations flexible. The depth and wisdom of experience managers have to be carefully assessing their strategies to define what kind of flexibility they are looking for before embarking on a flexibility program, or otherwise the results can be disastrous. Implication and analysis to select best alternatives: By collecting production data, the author was able to measure the breadth of paper grades that each plant was capable of producing and the changeover time that each plant required to switch between grades. There were additional measurements of flexibility such as workforce by length of service, the level of computer integration (CIM), the change and break frequency, etc. Each plant may emphasize in a whole range of factors from different quality and types of flexibility based on the managers, so end up there are large differences across plants. One major issue covered in this literature is that the degree of computer integration (CIM) does not really help on plant flexibility by increasing range of products produced or improving change over time even though large money was invested in it. Managers often have difficulty justifying CIM projects on the basis of cost savings or quality improvements therefore justify them on basis of improved flexibility CIM will provide. In this case, only the engineers or a few trained employees understand how the system works; most of the plant operators are not trained to operate which create problems. Operators instead decide to perform manual-change over, which in a surprising findings the best manual change system operate much faster than computer. This result shows the serious problem from operators as they have no interest to adapt the change to operate CIM. It hit hard on the managers with thoughts being reluctant that they are doing something right, but actually they are wrong. Implement decision to change the system: For successful manager to figure out the issues of CIM before implementing it in a plant, they should consider building up skills for their operators. As the author denoted, â€Å"Plants become more flexible when managers stress to workers the importance of flexibility. For example, a plant that wants to excel at customizing products will need to develop the capabilities to carry out large range of jobs in the plant. Managers then need to determine what type of workforce or equipment (ex CIM) needs to enhance flexibility. After that managers need to figure out different ways to measure the type of flexibility sought and emphasize the importance of the measures to the employees. Trainings should be added in th e process to build up experienced workforce and eventually to see improvement in flexibility. For example, continuous learning problem such as operational excellence may help management team in different level to control and maintain a flexible manufacturing plant. Evaluate the outcome: By integrating the appropriate steps to a) defining the problem of flexibility, b) implication and analysis to select best alternatives and c) implement decision to change the system, the next step is to evaluate the outcome to see if there is any improvement or if not, further alterations will need to be made. Outcomes that need to be evaluated are not limited to employee training in different level. Employees training based on experience are critical for a manufacturing plant to increase flexibility. More experience workers are not willing to adapting the new systems such as CIM comparing to less experience workers who are more willing to change. Conclusion: A good manufacturing management team designs what is best way for its plant to run, and plants that are flexible in terms of mobility (in terms of change over time) and range (in terms of various productivity) tended to have a clear measures of what flexibility should be developed. Managers have to decide what benefits the plant, how the plant operate, what kind of flexibility they are looking for, select the right decision making tools such as CIM, training for the employees based on different levels of experience, analyzing the data and provide surveys for customers. Managers should provide people the support needed in order to achieve the goal for lower the cost, decreasing change over time, increasing throughput and eventually make more money. Manager should never put too much faith in depending on CIM to complete the tasks in ease. CIM provides critical advantages to improve factory flexibility only if it can be implemented in the right way to fit the system. CIM generally needs experienced operators to control so trainings are critical for employees in different level. CIM could only be one of the alternative tools for managers to use. The flexibility of a plant depends much more on people (manager, field-supervisors, engineers and operators) than on any technical factor (automation, CIM). Managers should never only embraced in CIM as the solution to the growing need to forge new capabilities, instead managers should put more faith in the day to day management of people. Extended Research: I read two other articles which were written within the last three years. It is obvious that both articles talk about how computer integration both software and hardware can help to improve process flow and flexibility of a plant. This is because a more mature CIM system has been established through studies from field experts and universities. In general, employees nowadays understand that continuous learning is the keys to maintain competitiveness in the job market. This doesn’t mean that managers’ job are easier to do, but flexibilities in all level from a plant, a team, or just individual are critical in order to maintain a competitive advantage. Reference: 1. Manufacturing Flexibility – Synchronizing the Shop Floor and Supply Chain by Aberdeen Group 2. Improving Plant Performance and Flexibility in Batch Process Manufacturing: With an Example from the Food and Beverage Industry by Filippo Focacci How to cite What Really Makes Factories Flexible, Essay examples